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Zhu Y, Hart GW. Dual-specificity RNA aptamers enable manipulation of target-specific O-GlcNAcylation and unveil functions of O-GlcNAc on β-catenin. Cell 2023 186(2) 36626902
Abstract:
O-GlcNAc is a dynamic post-translational modification (PTM) that regulates protein functions. In studying the regulatory roles of O-GlcNAc, a major roadblock is the inability to change O-GlcNAcylation on a single protein at a time. Herein, we developed a dual RNA-aptamer-based approach that simultaneously targeted O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and β-catenin, the key transcription factor of the Wnt signaling pathway, to selectively increase O-GlcNAcylation of the latter without affecting other OGT substrates. Using the OGT/β-catenin dual-specificity aptamers, we found that O-GlcNAcylation of β-catenin stabilizes the protein by inhibiting its interaction with β-TrCP. O-GlcNAc also increases β-catenin's interaction with EZH2, recruits EZH2 to promoters, and dramatically alters the transcriptome. Further, by coupling riboswitches or an inducible expression system to aptamers, we enabled inducible regulation of protein-specific O-GlcNAcylation. Together, our findings demonstrate the efficacy and versatility of dual-specificity aptamers for regulating O-GlcNAcylation on individual proteins.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
O42486
Species: Gallus gallus
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Hardivillé S, Banerjee PS, Selen Alpergin ES, Smith DM, Han G, Ma J, Talbot CC Jr, Hu P, Wolfgang MJ, Hart GW. TATA-Box Binding Protein O-GlcNAcylation at T114 Regulates Formation of the B-TFIID Complex and Is Critical for Metabolic Gene Regulation. Molecular cell 2020 77(5) 31866147
Abstract:
In eukaryotes, gene expression is performed by three RNA polymerases that are targeted to promoters by molecular complexes. A unique common factor, the TATA-box binding protein (TBP), is thought to serve as a platform to assemble pre-initiation complexes competent for transcription. Here, we describe a novel molecular mechanism of nutrient regulation of gene transcription by dynamic O-GlcNAcylation of TBP. We show that O-GlcNAcylation at T114 of TBP blocks its interaction with BTAF1, hence the formation of the B-TFIID complex, and its dynamic cycling on and off of DNA. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of TBPT114A CRISPR/Cas9-edited cells showed that loss of O-GlcNAcylation at T114 increases TBP binding to BTAF1 and directly impacts expression of 408 genes. Lack of O-GlcNAcylation at T114 is associated with a striking reprogramming of cellular metabolism induced by a profound modification of the transcriptome, leading to gross alterations in lipid storage.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
TBP
Species: Homo sapiens
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Ma J, Wang WH, Li Z, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Hart GW. O-GlcNAc Site Mapping by Using a Combination of Chemoenzymatic Labeling, Copper-Free Click Chemistry, Reductive Cleavage, and Electron-Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. Analytical chemistry 2019 91(4) 30657688
Abstract:
As a dynamic post-translational modification, O-linked β- N-acetylglucosamine ( O-GlcNAc) modification (i.e., O-GlcNAcylation) of proteins regulates many biological processes involving cellular metabolism and signaling. However, O-GlcNAc site mapping, a prerequisite for site-specific functional characterization, has been a challenge since its discovery. Herein we present a novel method for O-GlcNAc enrichment and site mapping. In this method, the O-GlcNAc moiety on peptides was labeled with UDP-GalNAz followed by copper-free azide-alkyne cycloaddition with a multifunctional reagent bearing a terminal cyclooctyne, a disulfide bridge, and a biotin handle. The tagged peptides were then released from NeutrAvidin beads upon reductant treatment, alkylated with (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, and subjected to electron-transfer dissociation mass spectrometry analysis. After validation by using standard synthetic peptide gCTD and model protein α-crystallin, such an approach was applied to the site mapping of overexpressed TGF-β-activated kinase 1/MAP3K7 binding protein 2 (TAB2), with four O-GlcNAc sites unambiguously identified. Our method provides a promising tool for the site-specific characterization of O-GlcNAcylation of important proteins.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
TAB2
Species: Homo sapiens
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Akimoto Y, Yan K, Miura Y, Tsumoto H, Toda T, Fukutomi T, Sugahara D, Kudo A, Arai T, Chiba Y, Kaname S, Hart GW, Endo T, Kawakami H. O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of β-actin Ser(199) in diabetic nephropathy. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 2019 317(5) 31566433
Abstract:
The function of actin is regulated by various posttranslational modifications. We have previously shown that in the kidneys of nonobese type 2 diabetes model Goto-Kakizaki rats, increased O-GlcNAcylation of β-actin protein is observed. It has also been reported that both O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation occur on Ser199 of β-actin. However, their roles are not known. To elucidate their roles in diabetic nephropathy, we examined the rat kidney for changes in O-GlcNAcylation of Ser199 (gS199)-actin and in the phosphorylation of Ser199 (pS199)-actin. Both gS199- and pS199-actin molecules had an apparent molecular weight of 40 kDa and were localized as nonfilamentous actin in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Compared with the normal kidney, the immunostaining intensity of gS199-actin increased in podocytes of the glomeruli and in proximal tubules of the diabetic kidney, whereas that of pS199-actin did not change in podocytes but decreased in proximal tubules. We confirmed that the same results could be observed in the glomeruli of the human diabetic kidney. In podocytes of glomeruli cultured in the presence of the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor Thiamet G, increased O-GlcNAcylation was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in the amount of filamentous actin and in morphological changes. Our present results demonstrate that dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of Ser199 occurred in diabetes, which may contribute partially to the causes of the morphological changes in the glomeruli and tubules. gS199- and pS199-actin will thus be useful for the pathological evaluation of diabetic nephropathy.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
ACTB
Species: Rattus norvegicus
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Liu W, Han G, Yin Y, Jiang S, Yu G, Yang Q, Yu W, Ye X, Su Y, Yang Y, Hart GW, Sun H. AANL (Agrocybe aegerita lectin 2) is a new facile tool to probe for O-GlcNAcylation. Glycobiology 2018 28(6) 29562282
Abstract:
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is an important post-translational modification on serine or threonine of proteins, mainly observed in nucleus or cytoplasm. O-GlcNAcylation regulates many cell processes, including transcription, cell cycle, neural development and nascent polypeptide chains stabilization. However, the facile identification of O-GlcNAc is a major bottleneck in O-GlcNAcylation research. Herein, we report that a lectin, Agrocybe aegerita GlcNAc-specific lectin (AANL), also reported as AAL2, can be used as a powerful probe for O-GlcNAc identification. Glycan array analyses and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays show that AANL binds to GlcNAc with a dissociation constant (KD) of 94.6 μM, which is consistent with the result tested through isothiocyanate (ITC) assay reported before (Jiang S, Chen Y, Wang M, Yin Y, Pan Y, Gu B, Yu G, Li Y, Wong BH, Liang Y, et al. 2012. A novel lectin from Agrocybe aegerita shows high binding selectivity for terminal N-acetylglucosamine. Biochem J. 443:369-378.). Confocal imaging shows that AANL co-localizes extensively with NUP62, a heavily O-GlcNAcylated and abundant nuclear pore glycoprotein. Furthermore, O-GlcNAc-modified peptides could be effectively enriched in the late flow-through peak from simple samples by using affinity columns Sepharose 4B-AANL or POROS-AANL. Therefore, using AANL affinity column, we identified 28 high-confidence O-linked HexNAc-modified peptides mapped on 17 proteins involving diverse cellular progresses, including transcription, hydrolysis progress, urea cycle, alcohol metabolism and cell cycle. And most importantly, major proteins and sites were not annotated in the dbOGAP database. These results suggest that the AANL lectin is a new useful tool for enrichment and identification of O-GlcNAcylated proteins and peptides.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
FSIP2, OTU7B, CATB, CATD, GRN, ALDH2, TB182, MCM2, NUCB1, LAR4B, RPRD2, CPSM, TIM23, CATZ, CLIP2
Species: Mus musculus
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Ma J, Banerjee P, Whelan SA, Liu T, Wei AC, Ramirez-Correa G, McComb ME, Costello CE, O'Rourke B, Murphy A, Hart GW. Comparative Proteomics Reveals Dysregulated Mitochondrial O-GlcNAcylation in Diabetic Hearts. Journal of proteome research 2016 15(7) 27213235
Abstract:
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a post-translational modification on serine and threonine residues of many proteins, plays crucial regulatory roles in diverse biological events. As a nutrient sensor, O-GlcNAc modification (O-GlcNAcylation) on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins underlies the pathology of diabetic complications including cardiomyopathy. However, mitochondrial O-GlcNAcylation, especially in response to chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes, has been poorly explored. We performed a comparative O-GlcNAc profiling of mitochondria from control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat hearts by using an improved β-elimination/Michael addition with isotopic DTT reagents (BEMAD) followed by tandem mass spectrometric analysis. In total, 86 mitochondrial proteins, involved in diverse pathways, were O-GlcNAcylated. Among them, many proteins have site-specific alterations in O-GlcNAcylation in response to diabetes, which suggests that protein O-GlcNAcylation is a novel layer of regulation mediating adaptive changes in mitochondrial metabolism during the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
A9UMV9, B0BNE6, SCOT1, B2RYS2, B5DEL8, D3ZUX5, D4A0T0, D4A565, F1LM47, M0R6F2, HCD2, AATM, MDHM, COX1, SODM, ODP2, ACADM, KCRS, ATPB, DHE3, COX41, CX6C2, ODBA, IVD, THIM, ETFA, ECHM, PCCA, ACADL, ACADS, ATPA, MPCP, THIL, ACSL1, NDUV2, AT5F1, ATP5J, SDHB, ODPA, 3HIDH, ATP5I, QCR2, ODPB, CH60, PHB1, CX6B1, VDAC2, EFTU, M2OM, MMSA, ADT1, ATPO, MIC60, ACSF2, NDUAA, COQ8A, Q5BJZ3, NDUA9, T126A, Q5RJN0, ODO1, PHB2, ECHB, ECH1, CPT1B, NDUS2, ECHA, NDUS1, ETFB, IDH3B, QCR1, SAM50, DLDH, ATP5L, CACP, SDHA, IDH3A, ACON, NDUF4, HCDH, PRDX3, VDAC1
Species: Rattus norvegicus
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Ramirez-Correa GA, Ma J, Slawson C, Zeidan Q, Lugo-Fagundo NS, Xu M, Shen X, Gao WD, Caceres V, Chakir K, DeVine L, Cole RN, Marchionni L, Paolocci N, Hart GW, Murphy AM. Removal of Abnormal Myofilament O-GlcNAcylation Restores Ca2+ Sensitivity in Diabetic Cardiac Muscle. Diabetes 2015 64(10) 26109417
Abstract:
Contractile dysfunction and increased deposition of O-linked β-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) in cardiac proteins are a hallmark of the diabetic heart. However, whether and how this posttranslational alteration contributes to lower cardiac function remains unclear. Using a refined β-elimination/Michael addition with tandem mass tags (TMT)-labeling proteomic technique, we show that CpOGA, a bacterial analog of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) that cleaves O-GlcNAc in vivo, removes site-specific O-GlcNAcylation from myofilaments, restoring Ca(2+) sensitivity in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic cardiac muscles. We report that in control rat hearts, O-GlcNAc and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) are mainly localized at the Z-line, whereas OGA is at the A-band. Conversely, in diabetic hearts O-GlcNAc levels are increased and OGT and OGA delocalized. Consistent changes were found in human diabetic hearts. STZ diabetic hearts display increased physical interactions of OGA with α-actin, tropomyosin, and myosin light chain 1, along with reduced OGT and increased OGA activities. Our study is the first to reveal that specific removal of O-GlcNAcylation restores myofilament response to Ca(2+) in diabetic hearts and that altered O-GlcNAcylation is due to the subcellular redistribution of OGT and OGA rather than to changes in their overall activities. Thus, preventing sarcomeric OGT and OGA displacement represents a new possible strategy for treating diabetic cardiomyopathy.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
MYH6, TPM1, MYL3, TNNI3, MYPC, ACTC
Species: Rattus norvegicus
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Ma J, Liu T, Wei AC, Banerjee P, O'Rourke B, Hart GW. O-GlcNAcomic Profiling Identifies Widespread O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Modification (O-GlcNAcylation) in Oxidative Phosphorylation System Regulating Cardiac Mitochondrial Function. The Journal of biological chemistry 2015 290(49) 26446791
Abstract:
Dynamic cycling of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on nucleocytoplasmic proteins serves as a nutrient sensor to regulate numerous biological processes. However, mitochondrial protein O-GlcNAcylation and its effects on function are largely unexplored. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of the proteome and O-GlcNAcome of cardiac mitochondria from rats acutely (12 h) treated without or with thiamet-G (TMG), a potent and specific inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase. We then determined the functional consequences in mitochondria isolated from the two groups. O-GlcNAcomic profiling finds that over 88 mitochondrial proteins are O-GlcNAcylated, with the oxidative phosphorylation system as a major target. Moreover, in comparison with controls, cardiac mitochondria from TMG-treated rats did not exhibit altered protein abundance but showed overall elevated O-GlcNAcylation of many proteins. However, O-GlcNAc was unexpectedly down-regulated at certain sites of specific proteins. Concomitantly, TMG treatment resulted in significantly increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates, ATP production rates, and enhanced threshold for permeability transition pore opening by Ca(2+). Our data reveal widespread and dynamic mitochondrial protein O-GlcNAcylation, serving as a regulator to their function.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
A9UMV9, B0BNC0, B2RYW3, B2RYX1, B2RZD6, B5DEL8, D3ZUX5, D4A7L4, D4A898, F1LM47, F1LXA0, O70253, AATM, MDHM, NU4M, SODM, ODP2, ATPB, DHE3, COX5A, ALDH2, CX6C2, THIM, ETFA, ECHM, PCCA, ACADL, ACADS, ATPA, ACSL1, CPT2, NDUV2, ATP5J, SDHB, 3HIDH, ATP5E, ATP5I, ATP5H, CX7A2, ATPD, ACADV, ODPB, IDHP, CH60, EFTU, M2OM, MMSA, ADT1, ATPO, MIC60, Q3V5X8, ACSF2, Q4FZZ4, TGT, NDUAA, Q5BJZ3, NDUA9, ODO1, ECHB, NDUS2, ECHA, PDK2, NDUS1, Q66HF3, ETFB, QCR1, DLDH, Q6PCU0, ATP5L, CACP, QCR8, CISY, SDHA, ACON, PRDX3, VDAC1
Species: Rattus norvegicus
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Bullen JW, Balsbaugh JL, Chanda D, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Neumann D, Hart GW. Cross-talk between two essential nutrient-sensitive enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The Journal of biological chemistry 2014 289(15) 24563466
Abstract:
Nutrient-sensitive pathways regulate both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), cooperatively connecting metabolic homeostasis to regulation of numerous intracellular processes essential for life. Similar to phosphorylation, catalyzed by kinases such as AMPK, O-GlcNAcylation is a highly dynamic Ser/Thr-specific post-translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins catalyzed exclusively by OGT. OGT and AMPK target a multitude of intracellular proteins, with the net effect to protect cells from the damaging effects of metabolic stress. Despite hundreds of studies demonstrating significant overlap in upstream and downstream signaling processes, no study has investigated if OGT and AMPK can directly regulate each other. We show acute activation of AMPK alters the substrate selectivity of OGT in several cell lines and nuclear localization of OGT in C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes. Nuclear localization of OGT affects O-GlcNAcylation of numerous nuclear proteins and acetylation of Lys-9 on histone 3 in myotubes. AMPK phosphorylates Thr-444 on OGT in vitro; phosphorylation of Thr-444 is tightly associated with AMPK activity and nuclear localization of OGT in myotubes, and phospho-mimetic T444E-OGT exhibits altered substrate selectivity. Conversely, the α- and γ-subunits of AMPK are O-GlcNAcylated, O-GlcNAcylation of the γ1-subunit increases with AMPK activity, and acute inhibition of O-GlcNAc cycling disrupts activation of AMPK. We have demonstrated significant cross-talk between the O-GlcNAc and AMPK systems, suggesting OGT and AMPK may cooperatively regulate nutrient-sensitive intracellular processes that mediate cellular metabolism, growth, proliferation, and/or tissue function.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
AAKG1, AAPK2, AAPK1, AAKG3, AAKG2
Species: Homo sapiens
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Erickson JR, Pereira L, Wang L, Han G, Ferguson A, Dao K, Copeland RJ, Despa F, Hart GW, Ripplinger CM, Bers DM. Diabetic hyperglycaemia activates CaMKII and arrhythmias by O-linked glycosylation. Nature 2013 502(7471) 24077098
Abstract:
Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is an enzyme with important regulatory functions in the heart and brain, and its chronic activation can be pathological. CaMKII activation is seen in heart failure, and can directly induce pathological changes in ion channels, Ca(2+) handling and gene transcription. Here, in human, rat and mouse, we identify a novel mechanism linking CaMKII and hyperglycaemic signalling in diabetes mellitus, which is a key risk factor for heart and neurodegenerative diseases. Acute hyperglycaemia causes covalent modification of CaMKII by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc). O-GlcNAc modification of CaMKII at Ser 279 activates CaMKII autonomously, creating molecular memory even after Ca(2+) concentration declines. O-GlcNAc-modified CaMKII is increased in the heart and brain of diabetic humans and rats. In cardiomyocytes, increased glucose concentration significantly enhances CaMKII-dependent activation of spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release events that can contribute to cardiac mechanical dysfunction and arrhythmias. These effects were prevented by pharmacological inhibition of O-GlcNAc signalling or genetic ablation of CaMKIIδ. In intact perfused hearts, arrhythmias were aggravated by increased glucose concentration through O-GlcNAc- and CaMKII-dependent pathways. In diabetic animals, acute blockade of O-GlcNAc inhibited arrhythmogenesis. Thus, O-GlcNAc modification of CaMKII is a novel signalling event in pathways that may contribute critically to cardiac and neuronal pathophysiology in diabetes and other diseases.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
KCC2B
Species: Homo sapiens
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Alfaro JF, Gong CX, Monroe ME, Aldrich JT, Clauss TR, Purvine SO, Wang Z, Camp DG 2nd, Shabanowitz J, Stanley P, Hart GW, Hunt DF, Yang F, Smith RD. Tandem mass spectrometry identifies many mouse brain O-GlcNAcylated proteins including EGF domain-specific O-GlcNAc transferase targets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012 109(19) 22517741
Abstract:
O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a reversible posttranslational modification of Ser and Thr residues on cytosolic and nuclear proteins of higher eukaryotes catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). O-GlcNAc has recently been found on Notch1 extracellular domain catalyzed by EGF domain-specific OGT. Aberrant O-GlcNAc modification of brain proteins has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, understanding specific functions of O-GlcNAcylation in AD has been impeded by the difficulty in characterization of O-GlcNAc sites on proteins. In this study, we modified a chemical/enzymatic photochemical cleavage approach for enriching O-GlcNAcylated peptides in samples containing ∼100 μg of tryptic peptides from mouse cerebrocortical brain tissue. A total of 274 O-GlcNAcylated proteins were identified. Of these, 168 were not previously known to be modified by O-GlcNAc. Overall, 458 O-GlcNAc sites in 195 proteins were identified. Many of the modified residues are either known phosphorylation sites or located proximal to known phosphorylation sites. These findings support the proposed regulatory cross-talk between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation. This study produced the most comprehensive O-GlcNAc proteome of mammalian brain tissue with both protein identification and O-GlcNAc site assignment. Interestingly, we observed O-β-GlcNAc on EGF-like repeats in the extracellular domains of five membrane proteins, expanding the evidence for extracellular O-GlcNAcylation by the EGF domain-specific OGT. We also report a GlcNAc-β-1,3-Fuc-α-1-O-Thr modification on the EGF-like repeat of the versican core protein, a proposed substrate of Fringe β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
ZEP3, CAMP1, FRPD1, SKT, DLGP4, DPYL2, STXB1, MAP2, NUMBL, M3K5, NOTC2, CTND2, CSK22, ACK1, SYUA, ATX2, ZFR, BSN, GCR, EGR1, NFL, NFM, RC3H2, MAMD1, ATX1L, DERPC, NCAM1, MAP1B, G3P, ATF2, MAP4, KCC2B, AIMP1, FOXK1, STAT3, AINX, NEDD4, RP3A, DVL1, GOGA3, FOXP1, TB182, GMEB2, PI5PA, MRTFB, DOCK4, ABI2, KCNJ3, NCOA1, RGRF2, TNIK, WNK1, G3BP2, MPRIP, XRN1, RLA2, S30BP, NFIA, MARK3, ENAH, PGBM, CDK12, MA6D1, PHAR1, PSD3, NELL1, PRC2C, YETS2, FOXK2, WNK2, LIMC1, TNR6C, AGAP2, ZEP2, AAK1, TNR6A, CAMKV, PKHA7, GRIN1, FCHO2, GARL3, STOX2, UBN1, ABL2, CDV3, PHAR4, TAB3, NUFP2, UNKL, OSBP2, RBM27, CYFP2, TM1L2, ANR40, NACAD, SIN3A, NCOR1, LAMA5, NCOA2, AP180, RAI1, M3K7, TAF6, SRBS1, SH3G1, TLE4, MINT, ZYX, SF01, SYN2, TBR1, SBNO1, CRTC1, GIT1, SLAI1, PKP4, CDK13, RHG23, SH3R1, JHD2C, HECD1, ABLM3, ARMX2, LAR4B, RHG21, FBX41, RPRD2, WWC2, ZN532, BCR, DLGP3, NYAP1, GMIP, NFRKB, MAGI1, CNOT1, NU188, PICAL, SMAP2, SPAG7, PRC2B, ATX2L, MAP6, MCAF1, PHF24, NAV3, AUXI, RERE, RIMB2, PUM1, NU214, KCMF1, EPN1, AGFG2, UBP2L, C2C2L, CNKR2, ZN598, SHAN2, MAST4, RHG32, MYPT2, TB10B, FRM4A, SP130, DLGP2, ZNT6, ABLM2, EMSY, CLAP2, CNOT4, PAMR1, CREST, IFFO1, OSBL6, YTHD3, TM266, SI1L1, SH3R3, RBM14, CNOT2, ANK2, DIDO1, SYNPO, VCIP1, TAB1, SCYL2, ASPP2, F193A, OGT1, NAV1, SYNJ1, RPGF2, EP400, P66A, PDLI5, SCAM1, HS12A, AGFG1, I2BPL, PO121,