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Zhu Q, Cheng X, Cheng Y, Chen J, Xu H, Gao Y, Duan X, Ji J, Li X, Yi W. O-GlcNAcylation regulates the methionine cycle to promote pluripotency of stem cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2020 117(14) 32193337
Abstract:
Methionine metabolism is critical for the maintenance of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) pluripotency. However, little is known about the regulation of the methionine cycle to sustain ESC pluripotency. Here, we show that adenosylhomocysteinase (AHCY), an important enzyme in the methionine cycle, is critical for the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We show that mESCs exhibit high levels of methionine metabolism, whereas decreasing methionine metabolism via depletion of AHCY promotes mESCs to differentiate into the three germ layers. AHCY is posttranslationally modified with an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine sugar (O-GlcNAcylation), which is rapidly removed upon differentiation. O-GlcNAcylation of threonine 136 on AHCY increases its activity and is important for the maintenance of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) to sustain mESC pluripotency. Blocking glycosylation of AHCY decreases the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine versus S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH), reduces the level of H3K4me3, and poises mESC for differentiation. In addition, blocking glycosylation of AHCY reduces somatic cell reprogramming. Thus, our findings reveal a critical role of AHCY and a mechanistic understanding of O-glycosylation in regulating ESC pluripotency and differentiation.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
SAHH
Species: Mus musculus
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Lee BE, Kim HY, Kim HJ, Jeong H, Kim BG, Lee HE, Lee J, Kim HB, Lee SE, Yang YR, Yi EC, Hanover JA, Myung K, Suh PG, Kwon T, Kim JI. O-GlcNAcylation regulates dopamine neuron function, survival and degeneration in Parkinson disease. Brain : a journal of neurology 2020 143(12) 33300544
Abstract:
The dopamine system in the midbrain is essential for volitional movement, action selection, and reward-related learning. Despite its versatile roles, it contains only a small set of neurons in the brainstem. These dopamine neurons are especially susceptible to Parkinson's disease and prematurely degenerate in the course of disease progression, while the discovery of new therapeutic interventions has been disappointingly unsuccessful. Here, we show that O-GlcNAcylation, an essential post-translational modification in various types of cells, is critical for the physiological function and survival of dopamine neurons. Bidirectional modulation of O-GlcNAcylation importantly regulates dopamine neurons at the molecular, synaptic, cellular, and behavioural levels. Remarkably, genetic and pharmacological upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation mitigates neurodegeneration, synaptic impairments, and motor deficits in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. These findings provide insights into the functional importance of O-GlcNAcylation in the dopamine system, which may be utilized to protect dopamine neurons against Parkinson's disease pathology.
O-GlcNAc proteins:
BIG2, F1712, VIR, AJM1, RPGP1, UBR4, SCN1A, AGRIN, TITIN, KALRN, STPG3, FXL16, TT23L, PTPRS, GRIK3, SCN2A, DLGP4, OSBL8, PTPRZ, PGBD5, GLSK, GCN1, CE350, PI4KA, RYR2, AGRF2, UBE4A, NRX2A, FRY, SYGP1, OTOGL, AT2B1, ANK3, CA2D1, DPYL2, STXB1, DCTN1, U5S1, GFRA2, GALT1, SEM4D, KIF3C, PLCA, PHB2, NCAM2, GRAK, PURB, IMA3, IMA7, PLD3, FOLH1, FKBP8, STX1A, PSDE, VIAAT, AP1B1, C1QBP, SYT3, HNRH1, SATT, CTND2, SDC4, AP3D1, RGS9, RGS7, CSK22, OX2G, AAKG1, CRYM, PROM1, CNTP1, ENTP2, BCKD, SNG1, NIPS1, NIPS2, SEPT7, AT2A2, DHX9, PI51C, PI42A, ITB5, GPX4, NPTX2, GNAZ, WDR1, S4A4, MTX2, CNTFR, ZFR, CSN3, HCN2, HCN1, CTBP1, BSN, MPP3, NOE1, CBPD, LGMN, COR1A, CYB, COX1, COX2, COX3, HPRT, ATP6, THY1, H3C, LAMC1, NU1M, NU2M, NU4M, NU5M, ATP8, GFAP, MBP, PRIO, ALDOA, KAPCA, AATM, TBA1B, TBA3, KIT, LDHA, G6PI, MDR1B, ENPP1, HS90A, ENPL, KCC4, NFL, NFM, RASN, PGK2, ITB1, PPBT, NUCL, PGK1, ACE, LRC4B, UBB, UBC, EF1A1, IF4A2, GSTM1, 4F2, H10, LAMP1, HS90B, L1CAM, ITA5, KCC2A, ITB2, ITPR1, TCPA, PFKAL, CNTN1, NCAM1, AT1B1, C1QB, RS16, RL7, AT1B2, PSMD3, MAP1B, GLNA, CADH2, INSR, NTRK2, KCNC1, SPTB1, H12, KPCE, LDHB, CN37, DDX3L, KCNA1, KCNA3, AMPE, ASSY, SPTN1, G3P, LAMP2, ENOA, AP2A1, AP2A2, HXK1, GTR1, PTPRA, COF1, GNAO, FAS, LAMA1, NFH, COX41, BIP, HEXB, VIME, MTAP2, MAG, GNA11, GNAQ, MDR1A, ACES, GBRG2, AP1G1, GBRD, EIF3A, CXA1, GRIA1, GRIA2, TY3H, RS2, GBRA2, RL3, BRAF, KCC2B, NP1L1, NCKP1, SNAB, KIF2A, KIF3A, PABP1, GBB4, KCRU, GNA14, KAP3, SC6A1, S6A11, MP2K1, GTR3, LA, RASK, SYWC, KIF1A, HYES, RAB3D, RAB5C, RAB6A, RAB21, NMDZ1, ODPA, RET, FBRL, KCNJ2, CD81, GPM6A, GPM6B, GNL1, DYN1, DYN2, GRIK2, CAP1, ABCA2, PURA, HD, EAA2, H14, H15, H13, ITAV, SYT1, NSF, RB11B, AINX, MYO1B, NEDD4, ALDH2, GRM8, CAZA2, CAPZB, MP2K4, PFKAM, RL6, RL29, RL5, GLRB, DCE1, DCE2, CBR1, GSTM5, ADT1, INPP, CDK5, SAHH, GDIA, VATA, VATE1, GBRB1, RAB7A, ACADL, VA0D1, ADT2, EAA3, KCNJ4, KPYM, RAB2A, PRS6B, PTN5, NCAN, ABCD3, RAB8A, ATPK, ATP5E, UBP5, ATPB, CTBP2, EAA1, WFS1, FUS, NICA, ACTN4, ASM3B, EF2, OPA1, DOCK4, IRPL1, ARPC4, MYPR, PLPP, ACTB, MDGA2, NEUG, RAC3, IF4A1, MEGF8, RAB5B, RAB10, RAB8B, ARP2, ACTZ, CSN2, ARF3, ARL1, CAH10, RAP2B, STX1B, RAB6B, RL27, ARF4, GABT, HNRPK, 1433G, RS7, PP1A, RS8, SMD1, KCAB2, ABI2, RB11A, EF1A2, RS4X, PP2AB, RL18A, ACTA, AP2S1, RL23A, VISL1, H4, GBRA1, VATB2, RAB1A, RAB3C, RAN, RAP1A, RS24, GBB1, GBB2, RS3, RL8, RS27A, RL40, RAC1, RAB3A, HSP7C, CH60, VAMP2, NOE3, GBRB3, VATL, PP1G, 1433Z, GBRB2, KCNA2, KCAB1, CRNL1, DYL1, ACTG, ACTH, KPCG, PP2BA, PP2AA, PHB1, CSK2B, ACTC, RACK1, ACTS, KAPCB, TBA4A, TBA1A, TBB4B, KPCB, H31, IMB1, PLXA1, PLXA2, PLXA3, DCC, ITPR3, NCHL1, HNRH2, ELAV1, USP9X, IDHG1, LYAG, AT8A1, TCPH, TCPB, TCPD, TCPE, TCPZ, TCPG, TNIK, WNK1, RL36A, ARF1, ARF5, AP2M1, H32, H33, ADCY5, NPTN, RS3A, AT1B3, DPYL1, ZNT3, GRM1, SHPS1, NEO1, FUMH, M4K4, C1QA, TBB5, PDE4D, PDE1B, NMDE2, SC23A, TERA, C1QC, CTNB1, PLAK, EPHA4, MARK3, ATPA, CHLE, KCND1, KCRB, NF1, CDK18, RAC2, MARK2, PGBM, PTPRG, PYC, KCMA1, PADI2, INF2, TRIO, MDGA1, CTP5A, ITB8, PSA, GRM2, PTCD3, PHAR1, LRFN1, SPP2B, HP1B3, NLRX1, PRC2C, TM38A, VGLU1, BIG3, PLXD1, AGAP2, AAK1, TEN4, CAMKV, DOP2, RMD3, SMU1, MCCB, GPD1L, LIGO2, SRBS2, CDKL5, K22O, VPS51, GRM5, CBAR2, SHAN3, UN13A, SE6L2, KCTD8, KCD16, LRC8B, VP13A, C2C4C, S2551, MRS2, DIRA2, CYFP2, TM1L2, RHG44, MYO1D, RABL6, DJC11, UIMC1, ICAM5, FLOT2, HNRPD, PTPRN, CSK21, KHDR1, IGF1R, CLD11, SPB6, ARHG2, VDAC2, VDAC3, VDAC1, ABCB7, ASTN1, P3C2A, CAC1E, LAMB2, CTNA2, SC6A3, CNTN2, PGCB, NEP, KCNA4, CD166, 5NTD, GSLG1, EWS, AP180, FSCN1, GDIB, GRIK5, GRID1, DDX5, HS105, ITIH3, IL1AP, CD47, KINH, KIF3B, LASP1, MYH10, MOG, NPM, PCBP2, CSPG2, DDX3Y, DLG4, RHOC, DAG1, DDX3X, SYPH, TICN1, NDUA4, NPTX1, NUP62, OMGP, HECAM, AOFA, ARP3B, SURF4, SYN2, CP3AD, H2B1H, GLPK, SDC3, GPDM, H2A2C, H2B2B, GRM7, GRM4, CLH1, K1549, GIT1, PKP4, PPR29, CNTN4, NLGN2, SV2C, THS7A, CE170, UBP7, BRNP2, SCMC3, LIGO3, DGKB, RPRD2, DPP10, S23IP, PPRC1, 2ABA, TNPO3, SIK3, U520, S39AA, TTYH3, XPO1, SPCS, KCRS, CSKI1, NRX3A, BCR, SARM1, PRRT3, TEFF1, RAB35, CA2D2, KCC2D, AT1A3, AT1A2, GNAS1, SDK2, WDFY3, NTRK3, RAD9B, DGLA, KCD12, MTMR5, UBE2O, CAND1, UBP34, RS9, 2ABB, H2B1C, TLN2, CSPG5, 2AAA, NP1L4, MTCH2, OPALI, CYFP1, TBB2A, HUWE1, IGS21, ROBO2, ACTN1, IGSF1, TR143, TPPP, OTUB1, KPBB, PP6R1, MAP6, ELP1, RRAGD, MRCKB, GABR2, CSMD3, EPT1, VAT1L, LRRC7, CAPS1, CYLD, AGRL1, AGRL3, CLAP1, AUXI, DAAM2, MADD, MFN2, NU214, UBE3C, PLXA4, FBX2, KCMF1, CBPM, GSTM7, AGFG2, LRC8A, HPLN4, VAC14, UBP2L, C2C2L, LRRT4, BDH, MK15, CNKR2, TENA, ASTN2, NEGR1, RAP2A, THEM6, SLIK5, SLIK4, SLIK3, SLIK2, NFASC, NRCAM, RHG32, SRGP3, EFTU, VGLU3, ERLN2, ROA3, SV2B, MIRO1, EFR3A, LRRT2, U2AF4, ENPP6, SYAC, FLRT3, CBLN2, LRTM2, HPCL4, COR2B, S2512, ATLA1, NU107, RB39B, RB39A, ZN526, ANS1B, DLGP2, AHSA1, IPO5, NCEH1, LSAMP, CADM2, NOE2, ODP2, RBGPR, ECHA, SPA2L, SYNC, RL24, DAAM1, DMXL2, RLGPB, CLAP2, VMAT2, ARF2, NDRG4, ENPP4, HSDL1, RAP2C, GEPH, VATH, PMGT2, TTC12, AOFB, LRFN5, PIGT, CTL2, TENR, NLGN3, LRRT3, DYN3, LRC4C, ARHGA, SYFA, SI1L1, LCAP, EXOG, CERS6, SEP11, IKZF4, GP158, CWC22, VPS52, SCAI, ANK2, PDE10, PGM2L, SHFL, MIC60, WDR37, ABI1, SYNPO, T132C, GLT13, NED4L, RPB2, TCRG1, GNAL, H2B1K, H2B1P, H2A1F, H2A1H, H2A1K, OGT1, SYNJ1, SEPT8, MBOA7, PGP, NGEF, PYGB, COPA, MARK4, DOCK3, PLXB1, TXTP, AGRL2, TRHDE, R4RL1, RTN1, HS12A, K319L, DNM1L, AGRG1, PACS1, ABCF3, SDHA, HACD3, AGFG1, PAF1, IPO11, CCM2, MATR3, ATAT, LRRT1, LGI3, RPTOR, COL12, NAC2, THIL, EIF3L, MARE2, HNRPL, K0513, IQEC1, CACB4, SCPDL, BPHL, SNG3, EIF3C, H2AJ, DC1L1, S35A3, AP3M2, MUC18, UBQL1, PSPC1, NUP58, IGSF8, EXOC1, CACB1, CADM4, NUP85, SNP47, ACTY, WASF1, AMPB, MICU1, PSMD2, AT1A1, CDIPT, GD1L1, CC50A, HNRPU, REM2, MPCP, MARK1, CSPG4, SORC3, IPO4, SFPQ, BACH, S12A5, RAB14, SFXN3, ACLY, NDUS1, ITM2C, RMXL1, MIC25, ATPG, DDX1, MLP3A, UBAP2, ACSL6, NDUS2, ERLN1, DLG2, PI42C, IPO9, NDUV1, GRHPR, SRGP2, SRGP1, RAB4B, LRP1, WDR7, BRNP1, SYDC, TBB6, PDK3, TSN2, PDE2A, RPAB3, CSMD1, KCC2G, 2ABD, ATAD3, SFXN5, MYO5A, G37L1, RAP1B, SFXN1, NLGN1, NONO, RRAGC, TIP, MLF2, GAK, CDS2, NDUAA, ETFA, TNPO2, PTPRT, DNJA3, T121B, SF3B1, RIMS1, CNTP4, NTRI, PRP8, COX6C, MGST3, CNTP2, 6PGL, QCR8, NDUB4, RAB5A, GLRX3, AT5F1, S2546, MLP3B, 1433B, RL14, M2OM, UCRI, MIC19, PRPS2, NRX1A, MICU3, ARPC2, TBB2B, ROA0, CENPV, RL11, ILF2, TECR, RN181, BIEA, QCR1, OLA1, RL15, AL1B1, TOM70, MPC2, ODPB, MMS19, MGRN1, HNRPM, SCOT1, DYL2, RM28, RAB1B, LIGO1, RUFY3, MEII1, ATAD1, CUL5, GBRA4, TBB4A, GHC1, IDH3A, PRPS1, U2AF1, RL4, PSD12, SNAA, ATPO, BTBDH, QCR2, ALG2, AP2B1, RPN2, SUSD2, NDUA9, NDUS7, 6PGD, EIF3F, NDUS3, RAB13, XPO7, IPO7, NBEA, SORC2, VPS35, RPGF4, TBB3, XPO2, RTN3, LRBA, SPN90, TRIM2, DYHC1, LRP1B, LGI1, PRAF2, SV2A, SCAM5, NECT1, HYOU1, EXTL1, SORC1, DCLK1, MTOR, MINK1, ZN207, AP3B2, MY18A, RHOA, HPLN1, FAK2, NAGAB, COPG2, KI21A, SHRM3, PLEC, DREB, S2513, EHD3, PLXB3, ADDA, DNJA2, GRM3, PCLO, SIA7A, ARP10, DCTN5, PLXC1, COPG1, GPC1, UBQL2, FBX6, SRR, AT2B2, CELR2, DEST, ARC1A, KAD1, GBRG1, GUAD, CBLN1, DGKE, VAS1, ADA22, ADA23, PEPL, CAD13, TEN1, TEN2, CUL1, ATRN, GLPK2, PDC6I, PFKAP, PYGM, SUCA, RBMX, GABR1, GSK3B, FPRP, E41L3, BUB3, CARM1, PSD13, CP46A, APC7, NCDN, ITB6, KCND2, NU160, HNRDL, SAE2, VATC1, VPP1, ARI1, CA2D3, SEPT3, AP3B1, STK39, HNRPC, DPP6, E41L1, SUCB1, SEPT5, GRIA4, GRIA3, HOME1
Species: Mus musculus
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